著名科學家牛頓的信仰

牛頓是近代科學家中最杰出的代表人物,也是世界上最偉大的科學家之一。他從研究自然的奧秘開始,但最終進入了宗教殿堂,向世人証明了高級生命創造的宇宙是何等奇妙和偉大。他18歲進劍橋大學學習,27歲即出任劍橋大學教授,發明微積分與積分法兩項定理。他在天文、地理、數學、神學等方面都取得了輝煌成就。他發現了普通白光由七色組成,出版了近代科學奠基性巨著《自然科學的數學原理》。他發現了運動三定律和萬有引力定律,為近代力學奠定基礎,實現了以伽利略為先導的數學與實驗手段的結合。牛頓雖然在科學上做出了無與倫比的貢獻,但他總結了科學的發展規律后認為,人類理性的能力有限,不能包容一切經驗,所以他開始相信聖經中的預言。1703年他被選為英國皇家學會會長,直到臨終,連任長達25年。

牛頓年輕時,曾懷疑高級生命的存在,但自從他精密研究考察奇妙的宇宙構造后,便深深地感到創造宇宙者的偉大,實在無可測度。他雖然是舉世聞名的大科學家,卻自認為對宇宙的奧秘所知有限,几如滄海一粟。他曾說:「在沒有物質的地方有什么存在呢?太陽與行星的引力從何而來呢?宇宙萬物為什么井然有序呢?行星的作用是什么?動物的眼睛是根據光學原理設計的嗎?豈不是宇宙間有一位造物主嗎?雖然科學未能使我們立刻明白萬物的起源,但這些都引導我們歸向萬有的神面前。」

論到天體的構造與運行,牛頓嚴正地表示:「從諸天文系的奇妙安排,我們不能不承認這必是全知全能的高級生命的作為。宇宙間一切有機無機的萬象萬物,都是從永生真神的智慧大能而來﹔他是充滿萬有,全知全能的﹔他在這無邊無量、井然有序的大千世界中,憑其旨意,創造萬物,運行萬物,并將生命、氣息、萬物賜給人類﹔我們的生活,動作、存留,都在乎他。宇宙萬物,必有一位全能的神在掌管統治。在望遠鏡的末端,我看到了神的蹤跡。」他還說:「毫無疑問,我們所看到的這個世界,其中各種事物是絢麗多彩,各種運動是如此錯綜復雜,它不是出于別的,而只能出于指導和主宰萬物的神的自由意志。」

牛頓畢生的主要精力用于對精神世界的探索,視科學為余事。他在談到自己的科學成就時說,他不過是在「追隨神的思想」,「照神的思想去思想而已」。牛頓有一位朋友,就是英國著名天文學家哈雷,他因推算出一顆彗星的軌道,這顆彗星后來被命名為哈雷彗星,他卻不肯相信宇宙中一切的天體是神創造的。有一次,牛頓造了一個太陽系模型,中央是一個鍍金的太陽,四圍各大行星各照各的位置排列整齊,一拉曲柄,各星立即照自己的軌道和諧轉動,非常形象和美妙。一天,哈雷來訪,見到這模型,玩弄了好久,驚嘆叫好,立刻問這是誰造的。牛頓回答說,這個模型沒有人設計和制造的,只不過是偶然有各種材料湊巧碰在一起而形成的。哈雷說,無論如何必定有一人造它,并且是位天才的人。這是牛頓拍著哈雷的肩頭說:「這個模型雖然精巧,但比起真正太陽系,實在算不得什么,你尚且相信一定有人制成它,難道比這個模型精巧億萬倍的太陽系,豈不是應該有全能的神,用高度智慧創造出來的?」哈雷才恍然大悟,也相信了有神存在。

牛頓臨終前,面對仰慕他智慧和稱頌他偉大科學成就的人,卻謙虛地說:「我的工作和神的偉大創造相比,我只是一個在海邊拾取小石和貝殼的小孩子。真理浩瀚如海洋,遠非我們所能盡窺」。

安葬在英國倫敦威斯敏斯特大教堂的牛頓的墓碑上銘刻著:「艾薩克.牛頓爵士于此長眠。以自己發明的數學方法以及高度智慧,揭示行星的運動、彗星的軌道和海洋的潮汐﹔探究了任何人也沒有預想的光的分解和色的本性﹔解釋了自然和古代的事情。他以哲學証明了全能神的偉大,他一生過著朴素的生活。這位值得稱夸的人物,豈不是全人類的光榮?」

牛頓不但是一位偉大的科學家, 而且是一位虔誠的宗教信徒。

Opus Dei is plan to close their International Seminary?

Recently, I read a post on Reddit in which an ex-Numerary member of Opus Dei claimed that Opus Dei’s international seminary in Rome, also known as the “Roman College of the Holy Cross”, or “Cavabianca”, is reportedly being planned for closure.

For those who would like to know more about Cavabianca, I created a Wikipedia page about it last year.

According to the Reddit post, during yesterday’s Agora meeting of ex-Numeraries, the host, Antonio Moya, announced that reports had emerged from multiple countries. These reports, allegedly coming from individuals within Opus Dei or those closely connected to it (including through family members), suggest that Cavabianca may be slated to close.

So although this closure has not yet been formally announced by the Prelate of Opus Dei, Msgr. Fernando Ocariz, it is reasonable to think that the announcement is coming very soon.

Antonio gives a few reasons why it would make sense for Cavabianca to close now:

Most centrally, it is part of the shift away from Opus being a personal prelature and toward it being a clerical public association of the faithful. Associations do not have their own seminaries, their faithful attend seminary in diocesan seminaries alongside everybody else (who Opus Dei leadership considers to be “the great unwashed”) and then become incorporated into the association. (An example would be the Kikos, ie Neocatechumenal Way- the attend diocesan seminary.)

This is the main reason why this news is important, if it is indeed the main reason why it is happening. It means the pope is consistently following up on the motu proprio of 2023 to disband Opus Dei as an independent prelature of clerics and reconfigure it as a clerical association much more embedded in the ordinary life of the universal Church.

As evidence that this is what is driving the closure of Cavabianca, Moya reports the case of a male num who went to Cavabianca for seminary in the past few years. He made copies of the fanatical internal documents that are used for the ‘formation’ of the seminarians. He sent them to the Dicastery for Clerics about 18 months ago. Opus Dei leadership shredded/burned the documents in an attempt to deny their existence to the Vatican, but this guy had the copies.

That sounds rather “cloak and dagger,” but those of us who have been opus as sm know that it’s not actually far-fetched. Opus has a large number of “internal documents” about a huge range of topics. Outsiders are not allowed to read these, and even most ordinary members of opus are not allowed to read them but are only told verbally in ‘formation classes.’ Everything is on a “need to know” basis. It wouldn’t surprise me in the least if the seminarians are given the most extreme and effectively idolatrous ‘formation’ about ‘loyalty’ to ‘Our Father and opus Dei’, which actually amounts to sectarianism.

A second major reason why this international seminary is being closed is the lack of male numeraries to populate it. The pope has issued a general guideline that throughout the Church seminaries with fewer than 30 seminarians should be merged with other seminaries. The reason is that a seminary that is so small tends to take on a sectarian or ‘parochial’ mentality and become self-referential, ie not reflect the universality of the Church. In the 1980s Cavabianca had more than 200 seminarians. Now it has about 30. (Currently there are 50 but 20 of them are already ordained deacons so those don’t really count as seminarians, but as alumni of the seminary proper.)

Reason for closure related to the previous: Cavabianca is part of a huge complex that used to be a castle, with extensive gardens and infrastructure. It costs a lot to maintain, but there are not many people using it.

One Month in Walsingham…

It has already been a month since I took up my position as Mass and Pilgrimage Office Assistant here at the National Shrine and Basilica of Our Lady of Walsingham. I must confess that I didn’t expect that I would already have been working and living here in Walsingham for a whole month. Truly, time flies!

To be honest, I arrived at a very good time, as the main pilgrimage season here at the Walsingham Basilica will begin this coming March. This gives me a few months to learn and become familiar with all the arrangements and management related to the pilgrimages at the Basilica. I can’t wait to see many pilgrims coming here to pray before Our Lady of Walsingham!

Once again, I would like to thank all the Fathers (especially Fr. Robert Billing aka “Father Rector”, Fr. Sunday Ikpe, and Fr. Eric Taru), the Sisters, and all the staff at the Walsingham Basilica for helping and guiding me as I adapt to life and work here at the Basilica!

Please continue to pray for my work here at the Walsingham Basilica!

Et Verbum caro factum est

在二千多年前的白冷,「道成肉身,居我人間」的奧跡也是幾乎沒有人知道。一如若望的福音所言:「那普照每人的真光,正在進入這世界;衪已在世界上;世界原是藉衪造成的;但世界卻不認識衪。衪來到了自己的領域,自己的人卻沒有接受衪。」(若望福音 1:9-11)

創物主這不為人知的降生,卻永遠地改變了這世界。祂以苦難及死亡救贖了世界。祂沒有許諾痛苦消失,卻將痛苦給予意義。我們能夠透過自己的痛苦,結合主的救贖工程。我們未必能理解這說話,但我們卻能夠對此懷有望德。

1941年的12月25日,香港輸了保衞戰。經歷了3年8個月的苦難,香港像火鳥鳳凰般浴火重生。基督的出生沒有標記痛苦的終結,反而是祂痛苦的開端。我們不知道我們何時能夠克服現時的困境。但我們懷著對嬰孩耶穌的望德,我們將能夠分享祂帶來的福份。

祝各位有一個有福的聖誕佳節!

Et rege nostro Carolum

有一次筆者無意之中發現在英國傳統的莎倫禮(Sarum Rite)彌撒的羅馬正典(Canon Romanus)中,在為教宗及主教祈禱的段落中,會特別加插為英國君主祈禱:

…una cum famulo tuo Papa nostro N., et Antistite nostro N., et Rege nostro N., et omnibus orthodoxis atque catholicae et apostolicae fidei cultoribus.

…同時也為祢的僕人我們的教宗xxx、我們的主教xxx、和我們的君主xxx,以及所有崇奉真道,忠於大公和宗徒信仰的人們。

可能有人會問,為什麼在莎倫禮彌撒的羅馬正典中,除了為教宗及主教祈禱之外,會特別為英國君主祈禱呢?

其實因為英國君主有一個普遍的頭銜稱號為「信仰的守護者」(Defender of Faith),而羅馬正典中的「以及所有崇奉真道,忠於大公和宗徒信仰的人們」,正正是符合了英國君主作為「信仰的守護者」的「基本要求」,縱使英國君主是聖公會的信徒,亦是英國國教會名義上的領袖。

所以按照筆者現時所居住的地方(隸屬於英國東英倫教區 Diocese of East Anglia),如果將來有機會舉行一台傳統莎倫禮彌撒,那麼在羅馬正典的時候主禮會這樣唸:

…una cum famulo tuo Papa nostro Leone, et Antistite nostro Petro, et Rege nostro Carolum, et omnibus orthodoxis atque catholicae et apostolicae fidei cultoribus.

…同時也為祢的僕人我們的教宗、我們的主教伯多祿、和我們的君主查理斯,以及所有崇奉真道,忠於大公和宗徒信仰的人們。

你們在主內應當常常喜樂

最近筆者因為工作關係,所以沒有時間去更新此網誌,而且大部份朋友都知道,筆者在英國的沃辛漢姆聖母聖殿及朝聖地(Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham)找到了一份工作,就是在此聖殿內擔任「彌撒及朝聖辦公室」的助理,而且筆者亦於早前11月尾的時候已經離開香港到了英國開始新的生活,關於筆者在英國打工的日常生活趣聞,希望將來有時間可以再同大家分享。

今日是將臨期第三主日,按照教會傳統,今日亦是「喜樂主日」(Gaudete Sunday),禮儀顏色由紫色轉玫瑰色,讓教友在長達四週的將臨期的克己中稍為放鬆一下。

相信有很多教友都會問,為甚麼將臨期的第三主日叫做「喜樂主日」?

看一看今日彌撒的進堂詠:

Gaudéte in Dómino semper: íterum díco, gaudéte: modéstia véstra nóta sit ómnibus homínibus: Dóminus prope est. Nihil sollíciti sítis: sed in ómni oratióne petitiónes véstrae innotéscant apud Déum.

你們在主內應當常常喜樂,我再說:你們應當喜樂!你們的寬仁應當叫眾人知道:主快來了。你們什麼也不要掛慮,只在一切事上,以懇求和祈禱,懷著感謝之心,向天主呈上你們的請求。

今日彌撒的進堂詠取自聖保祿宗徒致斐理伯人書 4:4-6,拉丁文的句法跟中文不一樣,整首進堂詠的第一個字 Gaudéte 就是 「你們喜樂吧!」的意思。

在整台彌撒的開始,教會就詠唱著 「Gaudéte in Dómino semper! 在上主內喜樂吧!」,這是多麼令人振奮的宣告。

我們可以留意一下,在各個堂區的進堂詠,真的用聖言來叫人喜樂嗎?

筆者可以說這是教會傳統禮儀優美的安排!

There’s one “unique” Roman Rite

Someone wants the Tridentine Latin Mass to be demolished, and not allowed to spread.

Because there’s one “unique” Roman Rite, and they love it.

No words to say…

Sigh…

Sacris vestibus induti

筆者平時星期日如果「晏晝起身」的話,就會到堅道主教座堂參與黃昏主日彌撒。

在堅道主教座堂的其中一個特色,就是進堂禮的遊行隊伍,除主祭和輔祭外,亦包括聖言宣讀員和非常務送聖體員。

然而根據《羅馬彌撒經書總論》第120條:

Populo congregato, sacerdos et ministri, sacris vestibus induti, ad altare procedunt…

意思是:「群眾聚集後,司祭與輔禮人員,穿著聖禮服,列隊前往祭台。」

這裡所指的「Sacris Vestibus」(英語:Sacred Vestments),在往後的335-347條有所細述。

筆者留意到現時在堅道主教座堂,讀經員的衣飾,是一件淺藍色的長袍,其實按照彌撒經書總論第194-198條,闡述了讀經員在彌撒中的專有職務。

當中指出:在進堂禮中,若沒有執事在場,則讀經員則可「穿著認可的禮服」(Veste probata indutus)稍微提起《福音書》,「稍後與其他輔禮人員,留在聖所內屬於他的位置」(Deinde in presbyterio una cum aliis ministris locum suum occupant)。

那麼讀經員步上讀經台宣讀聖經,是否必需穿著合適的禮儀服飾?

其實是不一定的,詳情可參閱《彌撒讀經指南》(Ordo Lectionum Missæ, 1981)的提示:

54. Alius Sacerdos, diaconus et lector ministerio proprio institutus cum ad legendum verbum Dei in celebratione Missae cum populo ambonem ascendunt veste sacra muneri propria uti debent. Illi vero qui ministerum lectoris per modum actus vel etiam ordinarie implent, habitu communi ad ambonem ascendere possunt, servatis tamen consuetudinibus variorum regionum.

意思是指,正式任命的讀經員,須穿著禮儀服飾,在聖所內履行其本有職務;然而「臨時委派」的讀經員,則可以日常服飾登上讀經台宣讀聖言。

不過筆者亦留意到,有部份的堂區,讀經員和送聖體員在禮儀開始時,並未有參與進堂遊行,反而是留在近聖所處的指定位置,在「有需要」(即聖道禮儀時宣讀聖經、或領主禮時準備協助神父送聖體)時才出動。這種做法,似乎更符合禮儀的規定。

那麼,堂區可如何解決這問題?可考慮兩個辦法:

  1. 為堂區的讀經員和送聖體員,預備禮儀專用的服飾。
  2. 讀經員及送聖體員,保留日常服飾,但不再參與進堂禮的遊行。

筆者個人比較支持第二種做法,因為這更符合現時讀經員和送聖體員的「臨記」特質。但這將取決於這些職務人員,到底是「應該留在聖所內、抑或聖所以外」。

Why Opus Dei priests say Mass in Latin in centres?

For those who are more familiar with me, I have been actively participating in the spiritual activities organized by the Prelature of Opus Dei for numerous years. These activities include engaging in weekly meditation sessions accompanied by Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament and attending monthly recollections on Saturdays.

Typically, the regular daily Holy Mass held at Opus Dei Centres in Hong Kong is conducted in Latin following the Novus Ordo with the priest facing Ad Orientem. I have had the honor of attending these Masses on a few occasions in the past.

You might wonder, why is the Holy Mass at Opus Dei Centres conducted in Latin rather than in Cantonese, Mandarin, or English?

It’s worth noting that those who perceive this practice as unconventional should recognize that Vatican II, while permitting the use of the vernacular in the Liturgy, actually endorsed the continued use of Latin.

In addition to the liturgical justifications for maintaining the Mass in Latin, there is a practical aspect to consider. Opus Dei centers typically accommodate individuals who reside or visit from a multitude of countries. By utilizing Latin as the common language during Mass, it enhances the participation of all attendees. However, during retreats and other public events, Mass is commonly conducted in the vernacular.

Furthermore, there is a symbolic significance to the use of Latin within Opus Dei. Given its global presence and universal mission, the choice of Latin as the language for Mass more effectively underscores this worldwide reality.